Discrepancies in Copper and Zinc Levels Among Iraqi Children with Thalassemia

Background and Objective: Thalassemia is a chronic genetic disorder characterized by impaired hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in anemia, bone marrow expansion, and systemic iron overload. While iron metabolism in thalassemia has been widely studied, limited attention has been given to other essential trace metals. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thalassemia on serum Cu and Zn levels in pediatric patients in Iraq, addressing a knowledge gap regarding micronutrient imbalances associated with the disease. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 120 children, including 60 diagnosed with thalassemia and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum concentrations of copper and zinc were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests to determine the significance of differences between groups, with a p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Thalassemic patients exhibited a statistically significant elevation in serum copper levels (p<0.01) and a marked reduction in serum zinc levels (p<0.01) compared to healthy controls. These alterations are likely linked to the hemolytic nature of the disease and the recurrent blood transfusions, which may disrupt normal trace metal metabolism. No significant associations were observed between metal levels and age or sex within the thalassemic group. Conclusion: This study highlights notable imbalances in copper and zinc levels among pediatric thalassemia patients in Iraq, underlining the necessity for regular trace metal monitoring and targeted nutritional interventions. Recognizing and managing these micronutrient disturbances may enhance clinical outcomes and quality of life. Future research should further explore the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications of these findings.