Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts from Sarcocephalus latifolius, Morinda lucida and Anogeissus leiocarpus

Background and Objective: Morinda lucida (ML), Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) and Sarcocephalus latifolius (SL) have long been valued in traditional medicine for their therapeutic properties. In Nigeria, a decoction of their leaves is commonly utilized to address various health issues, including lymphatic filariasis, often complicated by wounds or sores. The present study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile and synergistic antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Morinda lucida, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Sarcocephalus latifolius. Materials and Methods: The extracts of ML, AL, SL and a combination thereof were prepared via decoction and subjected to phytochemical analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. The extracts were further evaluated for their antioxidant potential against DPPH and antimicrobial effects against a range of pathogens. Results: Phytochemical analysis unveiled the presence of bioactive compounds like saponins, terpenes, sterols, phenolics and tannins. The high-performance liquid chromatography elucidated the specific chemical profiles of each extract, with ML featuring prominent peaks of betulinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin and ferulic acid. The AL showcased major peaks of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, while SL exhibited significant peaks of betulinic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid and rutin. The combination extract displayed peaks corresponding to these compounds. Conclusion: Remarkably, AL demonstrated the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, followed by the combination extract. These findings offer promising insights into the therapeutic potential of combined herbal therapy for lymphatic filariasis, warranting further investigation.