Awareness, Acceptance, and Usage of Natural Insecticides among Grain Producers and Sellers in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objective: Post-harvest insect infestation is a major cause of grain losses in Nigeria, where cowpea and maize are critical to food security and rural livelihoods. While synthetic insecticides are widely used, unsafe practices have led to excessive pesticide residues and increased health risks. Botanical insecticides offer a safer, environmentally sustainable alternative, but their adoption remains inconsistent. This study assessed awareness, acceptance, and use of natural insecticides among grain producers and sellers in Nigeria and identified factors influencing their adoption. Materials and Methods: A convergent mixed-methods cross-sectional study was conducted in Northern Nigeria, Enugu State, and Owerri (Imo State). The quantitative component involved 100 purposively selected grain value-chain actors using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of use. The qualitative component included focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with 30 participants. Data were analyzed in SPSS v27 using descriptive statistics and logistic regression at p<0.05, with results reported as aORs and 95% CIs. Results: Awareness of natural insecticides was reported by 64% of respondents, while 48% reported current use. Over half (52%) expressed interest in training. Key barriers included doubts about effectiveness (60%) and limited knowledge (52%). Female respondents were less likely to use natural insecticides than males (aOR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14-0.97; p = 0.042). Qualitative findings showed preventive chemical fumigation in Northern Nigeria, reactive chemical use among Eastern retailers, and reliance on traditional non-chemical methods among Eastern cowpea producers. Conclusion: Despite moderate awareness, adoption of natural insecticides remains limited. Targeted training, improved regulatory oversight, and validation of botanical alternatives are needed to promote safer and sustainable grain storage practices.